小麦抗白粉病基因pm42的EST连锁图谱构建和比较基因组学分析

目的基因精细遗传连锁图谱的构建是图位克隆的基础,小麦功能基因精细遗传连锁图谱的构建依赖于比较基因组学分析。水稻和短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)基因组序列是小麦比较基因组学分析和功能基因精细遗传定位的重要工具。本研究利用小麦、短柄草和水稻的基因组共线性关系对小麦抗白粉病基因pm42进行比较基因组学分析,明确了pm42基因所在2BS基因组区域与短柄草第1染色体和水稻第3染色体直系同源基因组区域的对应关系,开发出与抗白粉病基因pm42连锁的EST-SSCP (expressed sequence tag-single strand conformation polymorphism)标记CD452782和BF201235,EST-STS (expressed sequence tag-sequence tagged site)标记CJ674042、EB513371和CV771633,构建了pm42基因EST标记遗传连锁图谱,CJ674042、BF201235、CD452782和CV771633位于pm42近端粒侧,距离pm42的遗传距离分别为1.9、12.0、19.7和25.7 cM;EB513371位于pm42近着丝粒侧,与pm42的遗传距离为14.6 cM。整合原有的作图数据,构建了pm42基因的高密度比较基因组学遗传连锁图谱,pm42被定位于3.3 cM的区间,该区间对应于短柄草66 kb的基因组区域及水稻69 kb的基因组区域。该结果为抗白粉病基因pm42高密度精细遗传连锁图谱构建、分子辅助选择和基因聚合奠定了基础。     

辣椒白粉病防治技术初探

采用引进新农药拿敌稳75%WG(水分散粒剂)开展其不同浓度防治辣椒白粉病试验,探讨辣椒白粉病最佳防治技术。试验结果表明:拿敌稳75%WG3000倍液防治辣椒白粉病,防效达95.27%;增产效果最明显,其平均株高、鲜株重、百果干重、每株总果数、单产、商品率均高于其它处理和当地对照药剂;经济效益比为1∶13.41。     

Intraspecific diversity of common barley resistance to fungal diseases most widespread in southern Dagestan

A field assessment of a barley collection from the world gene pool for resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust pathogen is carried out against a natural infection background. Broad intraspecific polymorphism of common barley in these traits is shown. A comparative analysis of breeding and local forms is given. The ecogeographic confinement of the traits is studied for the example of local barleys.     

抗白粉病小偃麦异附加系的选育及细胞学鉴定

以源于中间偃麦草的八倍体小偃麦TAI7047为供体、感白粉病的普通小麦优质品种晋太170为受体,通过杂交、回交,从其BC1F4杂种后代中选育出小偃麦种质系CHadd7001和CHadd7002。形态学、细胞学观察结果表明,它们的主要形态性状介于双亲之间,根尖细胞染色体数目分别为2n=44。白粉病抗性鉴定结果表明,中间偃麦草,CHadd7001,CHadd7002及其供体亲本TAI7047对白粉病均免疫,而受体亲本晋太170则高感白粉病,说明其抗性可能均来源于中间偃麦草。     

小麦白粉病抗病新基因PmHNK的遗传分析和分子标记定位

 【目的】周98165对河南省当前流行白粉菌生理小种具有较好的抗性,并且综合农艺性状优良。明确其抗白粉病基因及遗传特性,筛选与其紧密连锁的分子标记,为抗白粉病育种提供抗源和理论支撑。【方法】将周 98165与中国春杂交、自交、测交,对双亲及其杂交后代进行苗期鉴定,用小麦白粉病菌08B1进行遗传分析,利用SSR、EST-SSR技术对双亲及抗感池进行筛选和电泳分析,并结合中国春缺四体材料进行染色体定位。【结果】周98165对3个白粉菌高毒力小种抗性良好,其抗病性受1对显性核基因控制,将该基因暂命名为PmHNK。筛选了与PmHNK 连锁的5个微卫星标记,在遗传图谱上的顺序为Xbarc77、Xgwm547、Xwmc326、Xgwm299、PmHNK、Xgwm108,Xgwm299和Xgwm108分别为PmHNK两侧距离最近的标记,图距分别为4.2 cM、5.6 cM,最远标记Xbarc77与PmHNK图距为10.6 cM,并将PmHNK 定位于3BL。【结论】抗病鉴定、遗传分析结合分子标记分析结果表明,PmHNK是一个白粉病抗病新基因。     

麻疯树白粉病的病原鉴定及药剂防治研究

[目的]为控制基地麻疯树白粉病的流行提供科学依据。[方法]通过制片镜检对云南省元阳县膏桐良种繁育基地的麻疯树白粉病进行病原鉴定。[结果]麻疯树白粉病病原为白尘粉孢(Oidium leucoconium Desm)。初选了1个杀菌剂组合进行田间药效试验,初步结果表明,该药剂组合能促进植株正常生长发育,防治麻疯树白粉病效果明显,在病害发展较快时,间隔7d连续施药2次,防效高达85.3%;药剂处理有明显的促进生长作用,施用过试验药剂的麻疯树1月份不仅不落叶,枝梢还明显生长,并于3月份结果;且施用该药剂安全无药害。[结论]为麻疯树白粉病的防治提供了一种比较经济和有效的方法。     

葡萄霜霉病·白粉病药剂防治试验简报

[目的]筛选能有效防治葡萄霜霉病和白粉病的药剂。[方法]在田间小区试验中,防治葡萄霜霉病设6种药剂,防治葡萄白粉病设3种药剂,于2种病害发生初期每隔7d施药1次,共施3次,施药后7～10d统计病叶率和病情指数,分析防治效果。[结果]6种药剂中,烯酰吗琳、灰霜特、金雷多米尔和灭菌成对葡萄霜霉病均有较好的防效,其中在霜霉病发生严重的地区,灰霜特防病效果最好,在发生较轻的地区,烯酰玛琳和金雷多米尔防效最好．其次为灭菌戍。供试的3种药剂均能较好地防治葡萄白粉病,在白粉病发病较为严重的地区,三唑酮防病效果最好,白粉病发生相对较轻的地区,阿米西达防治效果最好,其次为敌力康。[结论]该研究为这2种病害的防治提供重要的指导依据。     

Downy mildew resistance in opium poppy: resistance sources,inheritance pattern,genetic variability and strategies for crop improvement

Downy mildew (DM) caused by Peronospora arborescens is the most destructive disease of opium poppy which assumes considerable importance in India and other poppy growing countries. The present study was aimed at identification and evaluation of stable resistance sources of DM in opium poppy. Furthermore, genetic variability and inheritance pattern of DM resistance has also been studied which can help in making strategy for crop improvement. Evaluation of 35 selected germplasm accessions of opium poppy under glasshouse and field conditions during the three consecutive years (2004–2005 to 2006–2007) resulted in identification of two genotypes (I-14 and Pps-1) as highly resistant and stable sources for DM resistance. Genetic studies of DM resistance revealed polygenic control with the dominance of susceptibility over resistance. Significant reciprocal differences were found largely due to maternal transmission of DM resistance indicating the involvement of cytoplasmic genes in addition to nuclear control. Analysis of genetic variability and selection parameters indicated predominance of additive effects for DM resistance and other yield contributing traits. Multivariate analysis resulted in classification of 35 selected accessions into 11 different clusters revealing very high level of diversity among the genotypes. Cluster analysis suggested that hybridization program involving genotypes from cluster V (which included highly resistant genotypes Pps-1 and I-14) and cluster IX (which included highly susceptible Jawahar-16 having good economically important traits like seed yield) could be expected to give best recombinants for improvement in terms of DM resistance and high seed and straw yield in opium poppy. Analysis of selection parameters like heritability and genetic advance also suggested that simple selection methods will be effective in stabilizing resistance traits following hybridization with high yielding genotypes.     

白粉菌(Erysiphe graminis)侵染诱导表达的小麦糖苷水解酶基因TaGlc2的克隆与鉴定

真菌病害是世界小麦生产中的最重要的病害之一。目前,在小麦中已经鉴定出一批小麦病菌侵染诱导基因,包括病程相关基因和抗真菌水解酶基因（葡聚糖酶基因和几丁质酶基因）。最近的研究表明,植物1,3-β-葡聚糖酶参与对真菌侵染的防卫。本研究从小麦cDNA文库中克隆出一个编码小麦1,3-β-葡聚糖酶的新基因,命名为 TaGlc2。该基因编码的氨基酸序列与糖苷水解酶基因家族17高度同源。采用实时定量PCR分析方法对TaGlc2基因在白粉菌侵染(Erysiphe graminis)后小麦叶片中的表达模式进行研究,发现TaGlc2基因在白粉菌侵染6 h后表达明显增强,至24 h达到峰值,说明该基因受白粉菌侵染诱导表达。还获得了TaGlc2基因5'上游调控区序列,发现存在与病菌侵染响应有关的顺式元件。小麦TaGlc2基因在小麦白粉病抗性上可能具有重要作用。     

嫁接沙果苗白粉病发生及防治

分析了沙果嫁接苗发生苹果白粉病的症状、发生原因和规律,指出白粉病对嫁接苗的危害,并从树体管理和药剂等方面提出了防治沙果感染白粉病的具体技术措施。